When you take a whiff of something, odor molecules sail inside your nose where they bind to proteins — called olfactory receptors — on cells that line your nasal cavity. These receptors trigger signals that your brain interprets as one or many smells.
A team of scientists has identified the olfactory receptors for two common odor molecules: a musk found in soaps and perfumes and a compound prominent in smelly underarm sweat. The research team also discovered that more recent evolutionary changes to these olfactory receptors alter people’s sensitivities to those odors. The work was published in PLOS Genetics on Thursday.
Olfactory receptors can be traced back hundreds of millions of years and are believed to be present in all vertebrates. Humans have around 800 olfactory receptor genes, but only about half of them are functional, meaning they’ll be translated into proteins that hang out in the nose and detect odor molecules. But within a functional gene, minor variations can cause changes in its corresponding receptor protein, and those changes can significantly affect how an odor is perceived.
“There’s a molecule called androstenone,” said Joel Mainland, a neuroscientist at Monell Chemical Senses Center in Philadelphia and an author of the new study. “And we know that some people smell that molecule as urine, some people smell that molecule at sandalwood and some people don’t smell it at all.”
With that said, genetic changes aren’t the only thing underlying smell interpretation. “One is genetic and the other is experience, which includes things like the culture you grew up in,” said Hiroaki Matsunami, a molecular biologist at Duke University who was not involved in the research but whose work is focused on olfaction.
The study by Mainland and colleagues was a collaborative effort between scientists in the United States and China. They sequenced the genomes of 1,000 people in Tangshan, China, who are members of the Han ethnic group. They did the same with an ethnically diverse cohort of 364 people in New York City.
Participants were asked to rate, on a 100-point scale, the intensity and pleasantness of a range of common odors. The researchers then looked for associations between olfactory receptor genes and odors, as well as variations within those genes and their potential effect on perception of the odor.
By sampling a large, diverse population of people, the researchers were able to home in on odors whose perception was based in genetic differences between people, rather than cultural or experiential factors. That led them to molecules including trans-3-methyl-2-hexenoic acid and galaxolide.
Trans-3-methyl-2-hexenoic acid is considered one of the most pungent compounds in underarm sweat. Galaxolide is a synthetic musk often described as having a floral, woody odor that’s used in perfumes and cosmetics, but also things like kitty litter. The research team was able to identify olfactory receptor variants for those odors. In the case of the underarm odor, most people with the more evolutionarily recent gene variant found it more intense. The opposite was true for galaxolide.
The galaxolide findings were particularly striking, with some participants unable to smell the musk at all. “It’s really rare to find an effect that’s as large as what we saw for this one receptor on the perception of the musk odor,” said Marissa Kamarck, a neuroscientist at the University of Pennsylvania who was an author of the study.
Matsunami views this work as another example of human olfaction being more complex than people initially thought. He said that, although the major findings in the study involved just two scents, they’re adding to evidence that “odorant receptors as a group have extraordinary variety.”
The authors think their findings support a hypothesis that has been criticized that the primate olfactory system has degenerated over evolutionary time. Kara Hoover, an anthropologist at the University of Alaska Fairbanks who was not involved in this research but who studies the evolution of human smell, is not convinced by that hypothesis in the first place.
“Why is reduced intensity assumed to be degradation?” she asked. “Maybe other things are becoming more intense or odor discrimination is improving. We know too little to make these conclusions.”
For Hoover, these findings stirred up other evolutionary questions. “Our species is really young,” she said. “Why this much variation in such a short period of time? Is there an adaptive significance?”
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