What does HEA mean?
HEA stands for “happily ever after.” The acronym is mainly used to refer to “happily ever after” endings in books, especially the romance genre, though it can also apply to movies. To have an HEA, the story must wrap up in a perfect or almost perfect way with the main couple ending up together. The term comes from classic fairy tales, which often end in the phrase “and they lived happily ever after.” Specifically, the term may have originated in The Decameron by Giovanni Boccaccio in the 14th century. When translated into English, the character Paganino of Monaco marries the widow Bartolomea and “as they were well acquainted, so they lived very lovingly, and happily, ever after.”
HEAs in Books
In romance books, HEAs are often signified by marriage. Traditionally, fairy tales employed the phrase “and they lived happily ever after” when two characters get married and ride off into the sunset at the end of the story. While storytelling has changed over the centuries, many romance novelists still choose to give their characters an HEA by having them get engaged, married, and/or have children. This often occurs in an epilogue, months or years after the events of the book. In order to have an HEA, the characters must be happy and in love with no hints of tension or conflict, no matter what issues they faced earlier in the book.
What does HFN mean in books?
HFN stands for “happy for now.” Sometimes, romance books may have an HFN, or “happy for now,” ending rather than an HEA. The story has a positive outcome as the couple gets together, but it is more focused on short term happiness. An HFN is a more realistic conclusion than an HEA and sometimes hints that there could be conflict in the next book in the series. For example, a character could still be worried about an unfinished plot point from earlier in the book, hinting that the conflict isn’t really over. Or, the characters may have gotten together but they’re just dating. Their story doesn’t end in marriage or kids.
HEA Book Examples
Many popular romance books end with an HEA. From fairy tales and classic novels to modern romances, a love story must have a happy ending to be considered a romance. While some modern books opt for the HFN ending, many authors still give their characters their happily ever after. Here are a few popular books that have an HEA: Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen The Duke and I by Julia Quinn Beach Read by Emily Henry Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte Virgin River by Robyn Carr The Best Man by Kristan Higgins The Kiss Quotient by Helen Hoang
Do romances have to have an HEA?
In general, the romance genre must include an HEA or HFN. This is sometimes up for debate among readers, but the general consensus is that in order for a book to be considered a romance, it must have a happily ever after, or at least a happy for now ending. Books that end in tragedy or with the characters separating may be considered love stories but don’t technically fall under the romance genre. For example, while Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet shares the love story between the titular characters, they both die at the end and don’t get an HEA. Therefore, the play is considered a tragedy and not a romance, despite the romantic elements. According to the Romance Writers of America, a romance must have a central love story and an emotionally satisfying and optimistic ending. Most romance readers agree that romance must include a happy ending and say that they would feel disappointed, if not betrayed, if the author failed to give them one.
How to Write an HEA
Choose your romance subgenre. All romance novels must have a central love story and a happy ending, but beyond that, there are many subgenres and niches to choose from. Think about what kind of romances you like to read (ex: historical or contemporary) and choose one to write. Some popular romance subgenres include: Contemporary romance: set from 1950-present and focus primarily on the romantic relationship Erotic romance: explicit sexual content is a central part of the love story and is needed for character growth and relationship development, may contain elements of other subgenres Historical romance: set prior to 1950 Paranormal romance: set in a fantasy world or contain fantasy, paranormal, or science fiction elements as an integral part of the plot
Craft compelling characters. A good romance starts with well-developed characters. Give your characters distinct personalities, motivations, fears, and flaws. Make sure they’re compatible, have chemistry, and have a believable connection. Remember that readers want characters they can root for, so make sure they grow and change and aren’t flawless. In addition to developing your love interests, create a cast of supporting characters that add depth to the story. Consider giving your characters friends, family, and even foes.
Build romantic tension. Don’t have your characters get together right away; give your readers something to look forward to. Create obstacles for your love interests to face, like external pressures, insecurity, mistrust, and misunderstandings. Allow their attraction to build slowly through the use of dialogue, body language, and internal thoughts as they react to the events of the story.
Include popular tropes. While your story should be unique, don’t be afraid to use popular tropes, as romance fans usually love the familiarity of them. Decide whether you want your story to be friends-to-lovers, enemies-to-lovers, fake dating, or any other popular romance trope. Consider combining a few to make the romance more interesting.
Develop a strong plot. Create a loose (or detailed) outline of how you want your story to unfold, creating an effective beginning, middle, and end. If you’re not sure where to start with creating a plot, try coming up with these 5 plot points: Inciting incident: This is the “meet cute,” in which the love interests meet for the first time or see each other again after a prolonged absence. Plot point 1: The protagonist admits their attraction for their love interest, even if it’s just to themselves. Middle plot point: Also known as a “false victory” or “false defeat,” the course of the relationship shifts for better or for worse. Plot point 2: This is the darkest point for the protagonist and usually results in a break up. Climax: The moment when the love interests declare their love for each other.
Write your happily ever after. Make sure your characters get their happy ending—your readers are counting on it. Ensure that the characters resolve their conflicts and find happiness together, hinting at or directly stating a long-term future together. Consider ending your story with an engagement, a wedding, or another representation of a deep commitment.
How to Write an HFN
Focus on the short-term future and leave room for growth. Make sure that the characters end in a positive place, but don’t tie up every loose end. Leave room for potential conflict in the future, especially if you intend on writing a sequel. Choose a simple ending, in which the characters are in an exclusive relationship but aren’t ready for a serious commitment, like marriage. Leave it up to the readers to decide if they eventually get their HEA.
Other Book Slang Terms
DNF DNF is an acronym for “did not finish.” Many book reviewers and those involved in online book communities (like BookTok on TikTok) use this phrase to let their audience know they did not finish a book they were reading. People may DNF a book because they weren’t enjoying it or because they want to come back to it at a later date.
TBR TBR is an acronym for “to be read.” Many readers have a physical, digital, or mental TBR list that contains the books they want to read but have yet to do so. Some consider every book they want to read a TBR, while others focus on books they own and hope to read in the near future.
TSTL TSTL stands for “too stupid to live.” This acronym describes a book hero or heroine who repeatedly makes bad decisions, almost gets killed, and doesn’t learn from their mistakes. Usually, if a reader says a character is TSTL, it means they don’t like the character and find their behavior to be unrealistic.
MC/FMC/MMC MC stands for “main character,” FMC stands for “female main character,” and MMC stands for “male main character.” Authors and readers alike use these terms to discuss the characters in a book without using their names. MC is typically used if there is only one main character, while FMC and MMC are often used when discussing romances, which typically contain two leads.
ARC ARC stands for “advanced reader copy.” This is a term used in publishing and the online book community to galleys, or books that are sent to readers before publication to check for errors. Many publishers and authors send ARCs to reviewers for free in exchange for an honest review.
Spice In the book community (especially online), the term “spice” is used to refer to the amount of sexual content in a book. The more spice a book has, the more explicit (and frequent) its sex scenes are. While different people judge spice levels differently, this allows readers to have a general idea of what kind of content to expect before starting a book. In online communities like BookTok, people frequently use the pepper emoji (????️) to rank a book’s spice level. The more peppers they use, the spicier (or sexier) the book is.
Instalove Instalove is a plot trope in which two characters fall deeply in love almost instantly. Readers often use this term to criticize books for being unrealistic, as the characters fall in love before they actually get to know each other or properly develop their relationship. Essentially, instalove is another term for love at first sight.
Slow burn Almost the opposite of instalove, slow burn refers to a romance trope in which the characters gradually fall in love over time and often don’t get together until the end (or at least the second half) of the book. Many readers enjoy slow burn because it emphasizes romantic tension through subtle interactions and character growth.
Other HEA Meanings
Home equity agreement When referring to real estate, HEA stands for “home equity agreement.” A home equity agreement, or shared equity agreement, is a contract between a homeowner and an investor in which the investor agrees to pay the owner a sum of cash in exchange for a portion of their home’s equity and the future appreciation on it.
Higher Education Act HEA can also stand for the Higher Education Act. This is a federal law that governs the administration of federal student aid and higher education programs. It was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1965.
Health Emergency Allowance In the Philippines, HEA stands for “heath emergency allowance,” which refers to a special risk allowance for health workers. The amount of the allowance is based on risk exposure categorization, or the risk level of a public health emergency.
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