Background
Warts are harmless skin growths. While warts can be unsightly, they’re benign and won’t cause any actual medical issues. They’re also super common, especially in children. Periungual warts are generally painless and can be effectively treated.
Periungual warts occur at the margins of your finger and toenails. Warts are classified based on their appearance and location. Plantar warts, for instance, occur on the plantar surface of the foot. Periungual warts only appear on the outer edges of your fingernails and toenails. Subungual warts are similar to periungual, but they form under your fingernails or toenails.
Causes
Warts are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). When the virus enters your skin, it causes an infection that forms warts. All warts are caused by HPV and periungual warts are no exception. There are more than 150 different types of papillomavirus. The type of wart that you have depends on which kind of HPV you’re exposed to.
Warts are transmitted by touch. Warts are spread by contact with another person that has them. It could be direct, skin-to-skin contact or through sharing personal items such as clothes, bedding, or towels. You can also spread warts from 1 part of your body by touching them.
Children are more likely to get warts but they can happen at any age. Though it’s not fully understood why, warts are more common during childhood. They also clear up on their own more quickly in children. However, anybody can get warts at any point in their life.
Symptoms
Periungual warts appear as thickened skin around your finger or toenails. It can take several weeks or months for the wart to grow to a noticeable size. When it does, you’ll notice rough, thick skin growths on the edges of your fingernails.
They can sometimes cause painful splits in the skin. If periungual warts get large enough or if you pick at them, they can cause fissures, which are splits in your skin. The splits can be painful and potentially lead to an infection if they aren’t treated.
Diagnosis
Most warts can be diagnosed with a physical exam. If you think you have warts, make an appointment with your doctor or dermatologist. They’ll examine the skin growths and look for tell-tale signs of warts. Usually, a simple exam is enough for a doctor to rule out other causes and diagnose warts. Your doctor may use a scalpel to peel off the top layer of the growth to look for clogged capillaries that are classic signs of warts.
A shave biopsy can rule out other types of skin growths. If your doctor isn’t fully convinced that you have warts, or if they want to be sure it’s not another skin problem, they may order a biopsy. They’ll cut away a small section of the growth to analyze it in a lab and determine its cause.
Treatment
Use OTC wart removal medications at home. Wart medications use salicylic acid to dissolve warts one layer at a time. They come in liquid, gel, and patch form. Apply the medication according to the directions on the packaging until your warts are gone. Your doctor may also prescribe stronger wart removal medication.
Freeze warts with cryotherapy treatments from your doctor. Cryotherapy, a.k.a. freezing, is done by applying liquid nitrogen to your warts. The freezing causes blisters to form beneath and around your warts which will help remove the tissue and stimulate your body’s immune system to fight off warts. Talk to your doctor or dermatologist about cryotherapy treatments. Cryotherapy must be performed by your doctor and can include side effects such as pain, blistering, and discolored skin in the treated area. Freezing usually isn’t done on children because it can sometimes be painful.
Talk to your doctor about electrocautery treatments to burn off warts. Another option is to zap warts off using electricity. Your doctor or dermatologist will use a specialized instrument that uses an electrical current to burn warts off. Ask your doctor if electrocautery is a viable option for you.
Ask your doctor about excising or laser surgery for stubborn warts. If your warts aren’t responding to other treatments, your doctor may choose to excise, or cut them off with a scalpel. They may also choose to remove them with a specialized laser.
Prognosis
Most warts will disappear within 6 months to 2 years. In children, warts will usually go away on their own within 6 months, even without treatment. Adults can expect warts to disappear on their own within 2 years. Using wart treatments can help speed up the process.
Prevention
Avoid direct contact with warts, including your own. If someone else has warts, do your best to avoid touching the affected area. Additionally, try not to pick at or touch any warts that you have. You could easily spread the HPV to other parts of your body and cause additional warts. If you do touch a wart, wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water. Avoid shaving over a wart as well. Your razor could spread the virus to other regions.
Don’t share personal items like towels with people who have warts. HPV is highly infectious and super easy to spread. Don’t share bedding, clothing, or personal items like towels and washcloths with anyone who has warts to reduce your chances of getting them. Wash your bedding and clothing often to prevent spreading HPV from 1 part of your body to another.
Additional Info
Duct tape is not an effective treatment for warts. Contrary to popular belief, duct tape isn’t actually an effective way to remove warts. Stick to wart treatments that have been proven to be effective for the best results.
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